NTSC Totally Explained

Everything about Ntsc totally explained

NTSC is the analog television system in use in the United States, Canada, Japan, Mexico, the Philippines, South Korea, Taiwan, and some other countries (see map). It is named for the National Television System Committee(External Link

), the U.S. standardization body that adopted it. . The first black-and-white NTSC standard for broadcast was developed prior to the Second World War and had no provision for color transmissions. The standard called for 525 lines of picture information in each frame, and 30 frames per second; the frame rate was later slightly adjusted for the color standard. Civilian development of commercial television was halted with the entry of the United States into the war. In 1953 a second standard was issued, which allowed color broadcasting to be compatible with the existing stock of black-and-white receivers, while maintaining the broadcast channel bandwidth already in use. This was an important commercial advantage over incompatible color systems that had also been proposed. NTSC was the first widely adopted broadcast color system. After over a half-century of use, over-the-air NTSC transmissions will be replaced with ATSC in the United States in 2009. Various digital television systems have replaced the vacuum-tube era standard.

History

The National Television System Committee was established in 1940 by the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to resolve the conflicts that arose between companies over the introduction of a nationwide analog television system in the United States. In March 1941, the committee issued a technical standard for black-and-white television that built upon a 1936 recommendation made by the Radio Manufacturers Association (RMA). Technical advancements of the vestigial sideband technique allowed for the opportunity to increase the image resolution broadcast to consumer televisions. The NTSC compromised between RCA's desire to keep a 441–scan line standard (which was already being used by RCA's NBC TV network) and Philco's desire to increase the number of scan lines to between 605 and 800: A 525-line transmission standard was selected. Other technical standards in the final recommendation were a frame rate (image rate) of 30 frames per second consisting of two interlaced fields per frame (2:1 interlacing) at 262.5 lines per field or 60 fields per second, along with an aspect ratio of 4:3, and frequency modulation (FM) for the sound signal (which was quite new at the time).
   In January 1950 the Committee was reconstituted to standardize color television. In December 1953, it unanimously approved what is now called simply the NTSC color television standard (later defined as RS-170a). The updated standard retained full backwards compatibility ("compatible color") with older black-and-white television sets. Color information was added to the black-and-white image by adding a color subcarrier of 4.5 × 455/572 MHz (approximately 3.58 MHz) to the video signal. In order to minimize interference between the chrominance signal and FM sound carrier, the addition of the color subcarrier also required a slight reduction of the frame rate from 30 frames per second to 30/1.001 (very close to 29.97) frames per second, and changing the line frequency from 15,750 Hz to 15,734.26 Hz.
   The FCC had briefly approved a different color television standard, starting in October 1950, which was developed by CBS. However, this standard was incompatible with black-and-white broadcasts. It used a rotating color wheel (a technique re-used in the first DLP projectors developed in the late 1980s), reduced the number of scan lines from 525 to 405, and increased the field rate from 60 to 144 (but had an effective frame rate of only 24 frames a second). Legal action by rival RCA kept commercial use of the system off the air until June 1951, and regular broadcasts only lasted a few months before manufacture of all color television sets was banned by the Office of Defense Mobilization (ODM) in October, ostensibly due to the Korean War. Most of the existing devices were soon destroyed and only two receivers are known to exist today. CBS rescinded its system in March 1953, and the FCC replaced it on December 17, 1953 with the NTSC color standard, which was cooperatively developed by several companies (including RCA and Philco). The first publicly announced experimental TV broadcast of a program using the NTSC "compatible color" system was an episode of NBC's Kukla, Fran and Ollie on August 30, 1953.
   The first color NTSC television camera was the RCA TK-40, used for experimental broadcasts in 1953; an improved version, the TK-40A, introduced in March 1954, was the first commercially available color TV camera. It was replaced later that year by an improved version, the TK-41, which became the standard camera used throughout much of the 1960s.
   The NTSC standard has been adopted by other countries, including most of the Americas and Japan. With the advent of digital television, analog broadcasts are being phased out. NTSC broadcasts are mandated by the FCC to end in the United States on February 17, 2009.

Technical details

Lines and refresh rate

NTSC color encoding is used with the M format (see broadcast television systems), which consists of 30/100.1% (or approximately 29.97) interlaced frames of video per second. Each frame consists of a total of 525 scanlines, of which 486 make up the visible raster. The remainder (the vertical blanking interval) are used for synchronization and vertical retrace, and can contain other data such as closed captioning and vertical interval timecode. In the complete raster (ignoring half-lines), the even-numbered or 'lower" scanlines (lines 21 to 263 in the video signal) are drawn in the first field, and the odd-numbered or "upper" (signal lines 283 to 525) are drawn in the second field, to yield a flicker-free image at the field refresh frequency of approximately 59.94 Hertz (actually 60 Hz/100.1%). For comparison, PAL uses 625 lines (576 visible), and so has a higher vertical resolution, but a lower temporal resolution of 25 frames or 50 fields per second.
   The NTSC field refresh frequency was originally exactly 60 Hz in the black-and-white system, chosen because it matched the nominal 60 Hz frequency of alternating current power used in the United States. Matching the field refresh rate to the power source avoided wave interference which produces rolling bars on the screen. Synchronization of the refresh rate to the power incidentally helped kinescope cameras record early live television broadcasts, as it was very simple to synchronize a film camera to capture one frame of video on each film frame by using the alternating current frequency as a shutter trigger.
   The figure of 525 lines was chosen as a consequence of the limitations of the vacuum-tube-based technologies of the day. In early TV systems, a master voltage-controlled oscillator was run at twice the horizontal line frequency, and this frequency was divided down by the number of lines used (in this case 525) to give the field frequency (60 Hz in this case). This frequency was then compared with the 60 Hz power-line frequency and any discrepancy corrected by adjusting the frequency of the master oscillator.
   The only practical method of frequency division available at the time was the use of multivibrators, which could only divide by small numbers. For interlaced scanning an odd number of lines per frame was required in order to make the vertical retrace distance identical for the odd and even fields; an extra odd line means that the same distance is covered in retracing from the final odd line to the first even line as from the final even line to the first odd line, so simplifying the retrace circuitry. This meant that a chain of multivibrators was needed, each of which had to divide by a small, odd number. (Note that an odd number is never divisible by any even number). The closest practical sequence to 500 was 3 × 5 × 5 × 7 = 525. Similarly, the British 405-line system used 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 and 625-line PAL used 5 × 5 × 5 × 5. Although other values were theoretically possible, all of them involved division by unacceptably large numbers like 13 or 17, which produced reliability problems. Modern systems derive all their frequencies from the color subcarrier frequency (see below).
   In the color system the refresh frequency was shifted slightly downward to 59.94 Hz to eliminate stationary dot patterns in the color carrier, as explained below in "Color encoding".

Color encoding

There are three main standards in use around the world, PAL (Phase Alternating Line), NTSC (National Television System Committee) and SECAM (Séquentiel Couleur à Mémoire—Sequential Color with Memory).
The system used in North America is NTSC. Western Europe, Australia, and Eastern South America use PAL. Eastern Europe used SECAM, but switched to PAL after the change of the political regimes there. France still uses SECAM. Generally, a device (such as a television) can only read or display video encoded to a standard which the device is designed to support; otherwise, the source must be converted (such as when European programs are broadcast in North America or vice versa).
This table illustrates the differences:

	NTSC M	PAL B,G,H	PAL I	PAL N	PAL M	SECAM B,G,H	SECAM D,K,K',L
Lines/Fields	525/60	625/50	625/50	625/50	525/60	625/50	625/50
Horizontal Frequency	15.734 kHz	15.625 kHz	15.625 kHz	15.625 kHz	15.750 kHz	15.625 kHz	15.625 kHz
Vertical Frequency	60 Hz	50 Hz	50 Hz	50 Hz	60 Hz	50 Hz	50 Hz
Color Subcarrier Frequency	3.579545 MHz	4.43361875 MHz	4.43361875 MHz	3.582056 MHz	3.575611 MHz
Video Bandwidth	4.2 MHz	5.0 MHz	5.5 MHz	4.2 MHz	4.2 MHz	5.0 MHz	6.0 MHz
Sound Carrier	4.5 MHz	5.5 MHz	5.9996 MHz	4.5 MHz	4.5 MHz	5.5 MHz	6.5 MHz

For backward compatibility with black-and-white television, NTSC uses a luminance-chrominance encoding system invented in 1938 by Georges Valensi. Luminance (derived mathematically from the composite color signal) takes the place of the original monochrome signal. Chrominance carries color information. This allows black-and-white receivers to display NTSC signals simply by ignoring the chrominance.
   The original chromaticities of the NTSC color primaries were R=[0.67,0.33], G=[0.21,0.71], B=[0.14,0.08]., yielding a far larger gamut than most of today's monitors. Over the decades, however, desire for a brighter picture prompted TV manufacturers to deviate from that specification, sacrificing saturation for increased brightness. This deviation from the standard, which happened both at the receiver and broadcaster stage, was the source of considerable color variation in the 1960s As a result, in 1968 the SMPTE recommended a new set of phosphor primaries for studio use, which in 1979 became part of SMPTE 170M, the engineering standard describing the American broadcasting system. Although the old 1953 NTSC specifications are still part of the United States Code of Federal Regulations, all modern broadcast equipment follows the SMPTE 170M standard instead and thus encodes a signal for the SMPTE "C" set of phosphor primaries.
   In NTSC, chrominance is encoded using two 3.579545 MHz signals which are 90 degrees out of phase, known as I (in-phase) and Q (quadrature) QAM. Mathematically, the combination of two sine waves 90 degrees out of phase with each other, with varying respective amplitudes, can be viewed as a single sine wave with varying phase relative to a reference, and varying amplitude. In essence, the phase represents the instantaneous color hue captured by a TV camera and the amplitude represents the color saturation.
   For a TV or a display to recover hue information from the I/Q phase as just described, it must know the reference for it (for example what phase is zero). It also needs a reference against which to compare the amplitude to make saturation sense out of it. So the NTSC signal includes a short sample of this reference signal, known as the color burst, located on the 'back porch' of each horizontal line (the time between the end of the horizontal synchronization pulse and of the blanking pulse on each line). The color burst consists of a minimum of eight cycles of the unmodulated (fixed phase and amplitude) color subcarrier. By comparing the reference signal derived from color burst to the chrominance signal's amplitude and phase at a particular point in the scan, the device determines what chrominance to assign to the pixel then being displayed. Combining that with the amplitude of the luminance signal, the receiver calculates exactly what color to make the pixel.
   When a transmitter broadcasts an NTSC signal, it amplitude-modulates a radio-frequency carrier with the NTSC signal just described, while it frequency-modulates a carrier 4.5 MHz higher with the audio signal. If non-linear distortion happens to the broadcast signal, the 3.58 MHz color carrier may beat with the sound carrier to produce a dot pattern on the screen. To make the resulting pattern less noticeable, designers adjusted the original 60 Hz field rate down by a factor of 1.001%, to approximately 59.94 fields per second.
   The 59.94 rate is derived from the following calculations. Designers chose to make the chrominance subcarrier frequency an n + 0.5 multiple of the line frequency to minimize interference between the luminance signal and the chrominance signal. They then chose to make the audio subcarrier frequency an integer multiple of the line frequency to minimize interference between the audio signal and the chrominance signal. The original black-and-white standard, with its 15750 Hz line frequency and 4.5 MHz audio subcarrier, doesn't meet these requirements, so designers had either to raise the audio subcarrier frequency or lower the line frequency. Raising the audio subcarrier frequency would prevent existing receivers from properly tuning in the audio signal. Lowering the line frequency is comparatively innocuous, because the horizontal and vertical synchronization information in the NTSC signal allows a receiver to tolerate a substantial amount of slop in the line frequency. So that's the route the color standard took. In the black-and-white standard, the ratio of audio subcarrier frequency to line frequency is 4.5 MHz / 15,750 = 285.71. In the color standard, this becomes rounded to the integer 286, which means the color standard's line rate is 4.5 MHz / 286 ~ 15,734 lines per second. Dividing by 262.5 lines per field, this gives approximately 59.94 fields per second.

Transmission modulation scheme

An NTSC television channel as transmitted occupies a total bandwidth of 6 MHz. A guard band, which doesn't carry any signals, occupies the lowest 250 kHz of the channel to avoid interference between the video signal of one channel and the audio signals of the next channel down. The actual video signal, which is amplitude-modulated, is transmitted between 500 kHz and 5.45 MHz above the lower bound of the channel. The video carrier is 1.25 MHz above the lower bound of the channel. Like most AM signals, the video carrier generates two sidebands, one above the carrier and one below. The sidebands are each 4.2 MHz wide. The entire upper sideband is transmitted, but only 750 kHz of the lower sideband, known as a vestigial sideband, is transmitted. The color subcarrier, as noted above, is 3.579545 MHz above the video carrier, and is quadrature-amplitude-modulated with suppressed carrier. The highest 25 kHz of each channel contains the audio signal, which is frequency-modulated, making it compatible with the audio signals broadcast by FM radio stations in the 88–108 MHz band. The main audio carrier is 4.5 MHz above the video carrier. Sometimes a channel may contain an MTS signal, which is simply more than one audio signal. This is normally the case when stereo audio and/or second audio program signals are used.

One odd thing about NTSC is the Cvbs (Composite vertical blanking signal) is something called "setup". This is a voltage offset between the "black" and "blanking" levels. Cvbs is unique to NTSC.
Cvbs has one defect: it makes NTSC more easily separated from its primary sync signals, but Cvbs has a smaller dynamic range when compared with PAL or SECAM.

Framerate conversion

There is a large difference in framerate between film, which runs at 24.0 frames per second, and the NTSC standard, which runs at approximately 29.97 frames per second.
   Unlike the two other video formats, PAL and SECAM, this difference can't be overcome by a simple speed-up.
   A complex process called "" is used. One film frame is transmitted for three video fields (1.5 video frame times), and the next frame is transmitted for two video fields (1 video frame time). Two 24 frame/s film frames are therefore transmitted in five 60 Hz video fields, for an average of 2.5 video fields per film frame. The average frame rate is thus 60 / 2.5 = 24 frame/s, so the average film speed is exactly what it should be. There are drawbacks, however. Still-framing on playback can display a video frame with fields from two different film frames, so any motion between the frames will appear as a rapid back-and-forth flicker. There can also be noticeable jitter/"stutter" during slow camera pans.
   To avoid 3:2 pulldown, film shot specifically for NTSC television is often taken at 30 frame/s.
   For viewing native PAL or SECAM material (such as European television series and some European movies) on NTSC equipment, a standards conversion has to take place. There are basically two ways to accomplish this.

The framerate can be slowed from 25 to 23.976 frames per second (a slowdown of about 4%) to subsequently apply .

Interpolation of the contents of adjacent frames in order to produce new intermediate frames; this introduces artifacts, and even the most modestly trained of eyes can quickly spot video which has been converted between formats. (See also stutter frame)

Modulation for analog satellite transmission

Because satellite power is severely limited, analog video transmission through satellites differs from terrestrial TV transmission. AM is a linear modulation method, so a given demodulated signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) requires an equally high received RF SNR. The SNR of studio quality video is over 50 dB, so AM would require prohibitively high powers and/or large antennas.
   Wideband FM is used instead to trade RF bandwidth for reduced power. Increasing the channel bandwidth from 6 to 36 MHz allows a RF SNR of only 10 dB or less. The wider noise bandwidth reduces this 40 dB power saving by 36 MHz / 6 MHz = 8 dB for a substantial net reduction of 32 dB.
   Sound is on a FM subcarrier as in terrestrial transmission, but frequencies above 4.5 MHz are used to reduce aural/visual interference. 6.8, 5.8 and 6.2 MHz are commonly used. Stereo can be multiplex or discrete, and unrelated audio and data signals may be placed on additional subcarriers.
   A triangular 60 Hz energy dispersal waveform is added to the composite baseband signal (video plus audio and data subcarriers) before modulation. This limits the satellite downlink power spectral density in case the video signal is lost. Otherwise the satellite might transmit all of its power on a single frequency, interfering with terrestrial microwave links in the same frequency band.
   In half transponder mode, the frequency deviation of the composite baseband signal is reduced to 18 MHz to allow another signal in the other half of the 36 MHz transponder. This reduces the FM benefit somewhat, and the recovered SNRs are further reduced because the combined signal power must be "backed off" to avoid intermodulation distortion in the satellite transponder. A single FM signal is constant amplitude, so it can saturate a transponder without distortion.

Use with progressive sources

When NTSC is used to transmit content which was originally composed of 29.97 progressive full frames per second, the even field of the frame is transmitted first. This is opposite to PAL, and opposite to what would be expected ('Even first' means the frame starts being drawn on the second line). Systems which recover progressive frames or transcode video should ensure that this 'Field Order' is obeyed, otherwise the recovered frame will consist of a field from one frame and a field from an adjacent frame, resulting in 'comb' interlacing artifacts.

Comparative quality

Video professionals and television engineers jokingly referred to NTSC as "Never The Same Color" or "Never Twice the Same Color". Reception problems can degrade an NTSC picture by changing the phase of the color signal, so the color balance of the picture will be altered unless a compensation is made in the receiver. This necessitates the inclusion of a tint control on NTSC sets, which isn't necessary on PAL or SECAM systems.
However, the mismatch between NTSC's 30 frames per second and film's 24 frames is well overcome by an ingenious process which capitalizes on the field rate of the interlaced NTSC signal, thus avoiding the film playback speedup used for PAL and SECAM at 25 frames per second (which results in audio distortion). See Framerate conversion above.
There is no question the NTSC system reflects the technology of its originating era, but its compatibility and flexibility has been the key to its longevity over seven decades. The coming of digital television and high-definition television may end the need for analog television systems.

Variants

NTSC-M

Unlike PAL, with its many varied underlying broadcast television systems in use throughout the world, NTSC color encoding is invariably used with broadcast system M, giving NTSC-M.

NTSC-J

Only Japan's variant "NTSC-J" is slightly different: in Japan, black level and blanking level of the signal are identical (at 0 IRE), as they're in PAL, while in American NTSC, black level is slightly higher (7.5 IRE) than blanking level. Since the difference is quite small, a slight turn of the brightness knob is all that's required to enjoy the "other" variant of NTSC on any set as it's supposed to be; most watchers might not even notice the difference in the first place.

PAL-M

The Brazilian PAL-M system uses the same broadcast bandwidth, frame rate, and number of lines as NTSC, but using PAL encoding. It is therefore NTSC-compatible in sources such as video cassettes and DVDs, but its color picture can't be received on a standard NTSC television set.

NTSC-N

This is used in Paraguay and Bolivia (though Paraguay has recently switched to NTSC-M from PAL-N). This is very similar to PAL-M (used in Brazil). It is also closely related to PAL-Nc (used in Argentina) and PAL-N (used in Uruguay).
The similarities of NTSC-M and NTSC-N can be seen on the broadcast television systems#ITU identification scheme table, which is reproduced here:
World television systems

System	Lines	Frame rate	Channel b/w	Visual b/w	Sound offset	Vestigial sideband	Vision mod.	Sound mod.	Notes
M	525	29.97	6	4.2	+4.5	0.75	Neg.	FM	Most of the Americas and Caribbean, Philippines, South Korea, Taiwan (all NTSC-M) and Brazil (PAL-M).
N	625	25	6	4.2	+4.5	0.75	Neg.	FM	Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay (all PAL-N). Greater number of lines results in higher quality.

As it's shown, aside from the number of lines and frames per second, the systems are identical. NTSC-N/PAL-N/PAL-Nc are compatible with sources such as game consoles, VHS/Betamax VCRs, and DVD players. However, they're not compatible with baseband broadcasts (which are received over an antenna), though some newer sets come with baseband NTSC 3.58 support (NTSC 3.58 being the frequency for color modulation in NTSC: 3.58 MHz).

NTSC 4.43

In what can be considered an opposite of PAL-60, NTSC 4.43 is a pseudo color system which transmits NTSC encoding (525/29.97) in a color subcarrier of 4.43 MHz instead of 3.58 MHz. The resulting output is only viewable by TVs which support the resulting pseudo-system (usually multi-standard TVs). Using a native NTSC TV to decode the signal yields no color, while using a PAL TV to decode the system yields erratic colors (observed to be lacking red and flickering randomly). The format is apparently limited to few early laserdisc players and some game consoles sold in markets where the PAL system is used.
   The NTSC 4.43 system, while not a broadcast format, appears most often as a playback function of PAL cassette format VCRs, beginning with the Sony 3/4" U-Matic format and then following onto Betamax and VHS format machines. As Hollywood has the claim of providing the most cassette software (movies and television series) for VCRs for the world's viewers, and as not all cassette releases were made available in PAL formats, a means of playing NTSC format cassettes was highly desired.
   Multi-standard video monitors were already in use in Europe to accommodate broadcast and professional needs regarding PAL, SECAM, and NTSC video formats from sources dedicated to just one of those formats. The heterodyne color-under process of U-Matic, Betamax & VHS lent itself to minor modification of VCR players to accommodate NTSC format cassettes. The color-under format of VHS uses a 629 kHz subcarrier while U-Matic & Betamax use a 688 kHz subcarrier to carry an amplitude modulated chroma signal for both NTSC and PAL formats. Since the VCR was ready to play the color portion of the NTSC recording using PAL color mode, the PAL scanner and capstan speeds had to be adjusted upwards from PAL's slower 50 Hz field rate to match NTSC's 59.94 Hz field rate, and faster linear tape speed.
   Although easier to do than explain, the changes to the PAL VCR are very minor thanks to the existing VCR recording formats. The output of the VCR when playing an NTSC cassette in NTSC 4.43 mode is 525 lines/29.97 frames per second with PAL compatible heterodyned color. The multi-standard receiver is already set to support the NTSC H & V frequencies; it just needs to do so while receiving PAL color.
   The existence of those multi-standard receivers was probably part of the need for region coding of DVDs. As the color signals are component on disc for all display formats almost no changes would be required for PAL DVD players to play NTSC (525/29.97) discs as long as the display was frame-rate compatible.

NTSC-film

NTSC with a frame rate of 23.976 frame/s is described in the NTSC-film standard.

US Video Game Region

Sometimes NTSC-US or NTSC-U/C is used to describe the video gaming region of North America, as regional lockout usually restricts games released within a region to that region.

Vertical Interval Reference

The standard NTSC video image contains some lines (lines 1–21 of each field) which are not visible; all are beyond the edge of the viewable image, but only lines 1–9 are used for the vertical-sync and equalizing pulses. The remaining lines were deliberately blanked in the original NTSC specification to provide time for the electron beam in CRT-based screens to return to the top of the display.
VIR (or Vertical interval reference), widely adopted in the 1980s, attempts to correct some of the color problems with NTSC video by adding studio-inserted reference data for luminance and chrominance levels on line 19. (External Link

) Suitably-equipped television sets could then employ these data in order to adjust the display to a closer match of the original studio image. The actual VIR signal contains three sections, the first having 70 percent luminance and the same chrominance as the color burst signal, and the other two having 50 percent and 7.5 percent luminance respectively. (External Link

) A less-used successor to VIR, GCR, also added ghost (multipath interference) removal capabilities.
The remaining vertical blanking interval lines are typically used for datacasting or ancillary data such as video editing timestamps (vertical interval timecodes or SMPTE timecodes on lines 12–14 (External Link

) (External Link

)), test data on lines 17–18, a network source code on line 20 and closed captioning, XDS, and V-chip data on line 21. Early teletext applications also used vertical blanking interval lines 14–18 and 20, but teletext over NTSC was never widely adopted by viewers (External Link

).
Many PBS and commercial stations transmit TV Guide On Screen (TVGOS) data for an electronic program guide on VBI lines. The primary station in a market will broadcast 4 lines of data, and backup stations will broadcast 1 line. In most markets the PBS station is the primary host. TVGOS data can occupy any line from 10-25, but in practice its limited to 11-18, 20 and line 22. Line 22 is only used for 2 broadcast, DirecTV and CFPL-TV.

Countries and territories using NTSC

North America

, NTSC broadcast to be abandoned by August 2011, simulcast in ATSC

, NTSC broadcast to be abandoned by 2022, simulcast in ATSC

, NTSC broadcast to be abandoned in February 2009, simulcast in ATSC

Central America and the Caribbean

Leeward Islands

(U.S.)

U.S. Virgin Islands

South America

(until 2006 Paraguay used PAL)

Asia

Republic of China (Taiwan)

Union of Myanmar (Burma)

(Propaganda station aimed at South Korea; domestic broadcasts use PAL)

(Historic; Cambodia now uses PAL)

(Historic; all of Vietnam now uses PAL)

(Historic; Thailand now uses PAL)

Pacific

US Territories

Northern Mariana Islands

Midway Atoll (a US military base)

Other Pacific island nations

(in Compact of Free Association with US; US aid funded NTSC adoption)

Micronesia (in Compact of Free Association with US)

(in Compact of Free Association with US; adopted NTSC before independence)

(closely tied to American Samoa; US aid funded NTSC adoption)

(US aid funded NTSC adoption)

Historic (used NTSC experimentally before adopting PAL)

(Historic; used before 1989, Fiji has used PAL since 1990)

Indian Ocean

Diego Garcia

Middle East

(Historic; all of Yemen now uses PAL)
Europe

(Experimented with a 405-line variant of NTSC in the 1950s and 1960s; dropped in favor of PAL)Further Information
Get more info on 'Ntsc'.

External Link Exchanges

Do you know how hard it is to get a link from a large encyclopaedia? Well we're different and will prove it. To get a link from us just add the following HTML to your site on a relevant page:
<a href="http://ntsc.totallyexplained.com">NTSC Totally Explained</a>

Then simply click through this link from your web page. Our crawlers will verify your link, extract the title of your web page and instantly add a link back to it. If you like you can remove the words Totally Explained and embed the link in article text.
As long as your link remains in place, we'll keep our link to you right here. Please play fair - our crawlers are watching. Your site must be closely related to this one's topic. Any kind of spamming, dubious practises or removing the link will result in your link from us being dropped and, potentially, your whole site being banned.